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Suzy B Software CD-ROM 2 (1994).iso
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1995-04-27
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DIRECT INSTRUCTION
RESEARCH FINDING:
When teachers explain exactly what students are expected to
learn, and demonstrate the steps needed to accomplish a particular academic
task, students learn more.
COMMENT:
The procedure stated above is called "direct instruction." It is
based on the assumption that knowing how to learn may not come
naturally to all students, especially to beginning and low-
ability learners. Direct instruction takes children through
learning steps systematically, helping them see both the purpose
and the result of each step. In this way, children learn not
only a lesson's content but also a method for learning that
content.
The basic components of direct instruction are:
. Setting clear goals for students and making sure they
understand those goals;
. Presenting a sequence of well-organized assignments;
. Giving students clear, concise explanations and illustra-
tions of the subject matter;
. Asking frequent questions to see if children understand
the work; and
. Giving students frequent opportunities to practice what
they have learned.
Direct instruction does not mean repetition. It does mean lead-
ing students through a process and teaching them to use that
process as a skill to master other academic tasks. Direct in-
struction has been particularly effective in teaching basic
skills to young and disadvantaged children, as well as in helping
older and higher ability students to master more complex mater-
ials and to develop independent study skills.
Berliner, D., and Rosenshine, B. (l976). The Acquisition of
Knowledge in the Classroom. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory
for Educational Research and Development.
Doyle, W. (l985). "Effective Secondary Classroom Practices." In
R. M. J. Kyle, (Ed.), Reaching for Excellence: An Effective
Schools Sourcebook. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing
Office.
Good, T., and Grouws, D. (l98l). Experimental Research in Secon-
dary Mathematics Classrooms: Working with Teachers. Columbia,
MO: University of Missouri.
Hansen, J. (l98l). "The Effects of Inference Training and Prac-
tice on Young Children's Reading Comprehension." Reading Re-
search Quarterly, Vol. l6, No. 3, pp. 39l-4l7.
Rosenshine, B. (l983). "Teaching Functions in Instructional
Programs." Elementary School Journal, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 335-
35l.